Setting up refugee media in exile

This article deals with how refugee communities can set up and operate a successful news organisation when living in exile.

The author, T.P. Mishra, is one of a small team that set up a media operation in the Bhutanese refugee camps in Nepal over an eight year period.

Now living in North Carolina under a refugee resettlement project, TP Mishra, who is the author of ‘Becoming a Journalist in Exile’, has put together a number of guides for those who want to follow his lead and set up and manage news operations run by the refugee communities.

Here, Mishra, who was the editor of The Bhutan News Service, shares the lessons he and his team learnt from starting their own media outlet while living as a refugees in Nepal.

The following may be of value to other refugee journalists currently living in exile and who want to inform their community.

Starting a media operation

This module deals with getting to know the local laws, setting out your editorial proposition, building the right team, training staff, getting to know your audience, distribution, building networks, fundraising, running your finances, and the editorial ethics that are the foundations for your new media organisation.

Here are 20 points that might help refugees set up and run a media operation in exile.

1. Know the local laws: If you are considering setting up a refugee newspaper or news agency in your host country, be sure you are aware of and abide by the host country’s laws affecting refugees. You must research and understand all the legal provisions before you make the first step. Once you are aware of any restrictions you should talk to the legal authorities near the refugee camps. You may find that any refugee media may be restricted to the refugee communities, the agencies that support refugees and well-wishers. You need to know any restriction that could limit the reach of your newspaper. There may also be restrictions on advertisements; you must know this because this will affect your ability to generate revenue and cover costs.
2. Build the right team: Once you are aware of and fully understand the legal position you need to build a team. Be sure to select the right people. They need to be dedicated, self-motivated, can-do and united in the objectives you together set for the publication. No formal education or professional background is needed. This is an important point because you may find you don’t have a highly-skilled team; in such cases commitment is essential. However if you can find one or two members of the team have some technical and design knowledge it will be a great help. Also look out for others in the refugee community who have specialist interests, such as law, who are willing to join the team.
3. Set up a governing body: Now you need to set up a governing body which will manage all financial issues, set out the editorial proposition for the refugee media house, oversee the content creation, production and the circulation of the newspaper within the refugee community and wider afield, if allowed by the host company.
4. Training your staff: If you find that the members of your group lack journalism training consider setting up a training programme to ensure that all have the necessary skills. Defining the editorial ethics that underpin the integrity of all you produce is an essential step. All staff need to understand how to produce accurate content, that is objective, impartial, balanced and fair. They will also need to learn the technical skills needed to produce content and the basics for writing news stories. If you lack the capacity to provide this training within your organisation you will have to do it yourself. One way is to gather a collection of existing local, regional and national newspapers and study their house styles, sentence construction, layout etc. If you have internet connectivity in the refugee camp you could search online for free resources. However, the likelihood is that you will have to do it yourself. This makes it all the more important for you to be clear on what you, and your governing body, want the media house to produce and the way it should be produced.
5. The office: You will need some computers to get started. If you have no financial backing and can’t afford equipment you will need to seek out supporters who have a desktop or laptop in their home. This could become the first newsroom for your publication. Don’t worry about it being a small start. Your main concern is writing content that reflects the needs of the community you serve and keep it informed.
6. Building a network: If there are several camps for a particular refugee community it is important to try to build a network in order to share ideas, resources and information. Try to find at least one like-minded person in each camp and try to convince them to work as a volunteer reporter/correspondent for your newspaper. Their job could be to reflect the needs and concerns of their camp. The more people you manage to agree to help out in this way, the richer and more diverse your news coverage will be.
7. Initial fund-raising: Your governing body is the first group to consult about finances. Some may be able to help with small contributions to get things going, but the main reason for consulting them is to get their ideas and to foster a spirit of transparency from the start. You may be able to approach other refugees in the community who have the means of generating income.
8. Editorial proposition: While you are gathering funds, you should start to discuss the type of newspaper you intend to publish including its cost, its size, the language(s) it should be produced in, the frequency of publication and the editorial focus, for example what sections it should have and what should it focus on. Encourage participation at this stage from any correspondents in each neighbouring camp; it is important to include as many perspectives as possible at this stage.
9. Newsgathering: The first edition of your newspaper will always be the greatest challenge; you have new systems, a new team, new work flows and new working practices to become accustomed to. To get your newsgathering machine rolling you should instruct all your reporters and correspondents to go out and about, introduce themselves to people, explain what the newspaper stands for and what you are looking for, talk about the benefits you hope your newspaper will bring and then ask them about the issues that most concern them. Your journalists should be encouraged to ask open and searching questions based on When, Where, Who, What, Why and How. Make sure they follow this process and you will find that the second edition of your newspaper will be a lot easier to produce.
10. Printing: When you lack sound finance backing, you should always select an offset printing press that assists you to print the hardcopies at cheaper rates. Once the paper is ready in softcopy, you can take that up to press in data transfer devices like the DVDs, flash drive or portable hard disks. Keep checking if you can still go with cheaper costs in another printing press.
11. Distribution: When you have a hard copy of your first newspaper you need to distribute it. Your distribution strategy may look a lot different from that of the Times of India, the Washington Post, the New York Times, and the Guardian UK, but the principle is the same. You need to get copies to the audience and leave them in places where they are going to be able to find them and read them. For a refugee camp, your distribution strategy may be to drop a few copies off at places where people meet, such as the library, any local clubs and organisations, outside schools and on notice boards around the camp. Send copies to your reporters and correspondents so that they can circulate them within their own communities. Make sure all contacts you have spoken to have a copy so they can see how you treated their story; this will make it far more likely that they will return to you with more information in the future.
12. Cover price and sales strategy: If local laws allow you to sell your newspaper you will need to set a cover price. Your reporters and correspondents then sell copies in order to raise funds for them to continue to gather news for the next edition. If you are not allowed to sell your newspaper it is worth setting out on the front page of the newspaper what it costs to produce each copy. This may help you raise funds in the future. Yet you can make an appeal to the readers of the newspaper, mainly refugees, to help you buy the papers. Those having a bit of an earning source sometimes buy your copies.
13. Building relationships: Newspapers are all about relationships. There are three; Your audience, your contacts, and your peer group. The most important is the relationship between the media house and those who consume the news. That relationship needs to be healthy with a strong element of trust. The next relationship to build is with local contacts; those in the community who you are likely to turn to for comments. You need to be fair with these contacts. The relationship is two-way. You will need them for comments and they may, at times, need you to reflect their concerns. Journalists must never do deals, but equally, you need to realise that strong relationships need two-way trust and respect. The third relationship is with local, regional, national and international journalists. Again, this is two-way. You can feed them stories that they may otherwise never hear about, offering them content and pictures. They may offer you training in terms of news writing, editing, technical issues and media management. They may offer you some of their old, redundant equipment that, although no longer needed by them, could be a life saver for you. Most of all, they may offer you visibility by writing and broadcasting about your situation; this in turn could help you reach donors in the Diaspora and NGOs offering media development training.
14. Keep learning: The refugee journalist must always be learning. They should read the local, regional and national press regularly so that they can add to their knowledge in terms of current affairs and technical skills.
15. Raising funds: Finance is a problem for most refugee groups. There may be ways of raising funds locally, but they are unlikely to provide enough. Those setting up refugee media houses need to look further afield. It is important to seek out reliable funding that has no strings attached. Funds from NGOs are the most appropriate. When the Bhutan Reporter was struggling to make ends meet in 2007, we made an international appeal via Media Helping Media resulting in funding from WAN, the World Association of Newspapers.
16. Financial transparency: Once any funds have been secured, the media house needs to appoint at least two people to take responsibility for the organisation’s finances. The funder will want regular reports stating what their funding has achieved. They will want details of activities and all financial outgoings and incomings. It is important you get this right. If you report back in a professional and totally transparent way it is more likely that your funding will be renewed. It will also help build your credibility; word soon gets around and you want to be known as a professionally-run media house, even though you have started and probably continue to operate from humble origins.
17. Building your capacity: You will find that your team of journalists, technical and admin staff have mixed abilities. Some will be fast learners while some will be slow. Look out for those who pick things up quickly and consider working with them to organise training programmes to help the others. In the media development world this is called ‘building capacity’ and some organisations will be keen to work with you if they feel you have a well thought through training strategy; especially if you have already identified those who can head up the training. This is called ToT (training of trainers) or TTT (training the trainers). Having such a system will build your credibility, make your staff feel you are serious and mean business, and encourage others to work for you.
18. Setting objectives: You must set objectives for your media house, for each department and for each individual. The first will probably be set by the governing body when it is established. The unit objectives will be set by the editor-in-chief, the head of technology, and the person responsible for distribution, etc. These are the objectives that will govern how their units are run. The personal objectives are about how each individual is expected to do his or her job. Then set up an appraisal system where each member of staff is assessed each quarter. You may need to appoint an HR (human resources) person to help manage this. And finally you need to tie in the training programme for the organisation with both the appraisals and the objectives. By doing this you will be setting out some best-practice rules that will show you mean business.
19. Digital distribution: As you build your print offering you should always be thinking about how to distribute your content online. Your immediate audience in the refugee camps may not be online, but other parts of your target audience will be. They include your Diaspora audience (those from your community who are living abroad), academics, NGOs, media watchers, politicians, local, regional, national and international journalists – all these are parts of the audience who will pick up what you are doing. Your ultimate aim should be to deliver reliable content to whatever device your audience turns to in order to access information.
20. Have fun: The job of a journalist is the most wonderful job in the world. You are in a privileged position. You have a great responsibility. Your audience will begin to rely on you. Take it seriously by all means, but have fun, too. You are embarking on a great adventure and joining a global fellowship that will stand with you as you grow.

Questions

1. What are the main challenges faced by refugee communities in establishing media organisations?
2. List three key components necessary for starting a media operation in exile.
3. Why is it important for refugee journalists to understand local laws before setting up a media organisation?
4. Describe the role of a governing body in a refugee media house.
5. What are some strategies suggested for training staff in a refugee media organisation?
6. Explain the significance of building a network among different refugee camps.
7. How can refugee media organisations raise initial funds according to the article?
8. Discuss the importance of editorial ethics in the context of a refugee media house.
9. What are the three types of relationships that are crucial for a successful newspaper, as mentioned in the article?
10. How does the article suggest refugee journalists should approach digital distribution?

Answers

1. The article focuses on how refugee communities can set up and operate a successful news organisation while living in exile.
2. Key components include understanding local laws, building the right team, and setting up a governing body.
3. Understanding local laws is crucial to ensure compliance and avoid legal issues that could restrict the media’s reach and operations.
4. A governing body manages financial issues, sets the editorial proposition, oversees content creation, and ensures proper circulation.
5. Strategies include setting up training programmes, studying existing newspapers, and utilising online resources if available.
6. Building a network allows for sharing ideas, resources, and information, enriching news coverage and reflecting diverse needs.
7. Initial funds can be raised by consulting the governing body, seeking contributions from the community, and approaching NGOs.
8. Editorial ethics ensure the integrity of content, promoting accuracy, objectivity, impartiality, balance, and fairness.
9. The three types of relationships are with the audience, local contacts, and peer journalists.
10. Refugee journalists should consider online distribution to reach a broader audience, including the Diaspora, NGOs, and international journalists.

• The psychological impact of exile:
  • Beyond logistical steps, acknowledge the trauma and psychological impact on refugee journalists. They’re not just reporting news; they’re processing their own experiences of displacement, loss, and uncertainty.
  • The media outlet can become a vital tool for collective healing and identity preservation, offering a space for shared stories and cultural continuity.
  • Recognise the potential for secondary trauma when journalists report on the suffering of their own communities. Offer resources and support for mental well-being.
• Power dynamics and representation:
  • Examine the power dynamics within the refugee community itself. Who gets to tell their stories? Whose voices are prioritised? Strive for inclusive representation, addressing potential biases and inequalities.
  • Consider the relationship with the host country’s media and government. How can the refugee news organisation navigate these relationships while maintaining its independence?
  • Recognise that the host countries government may have its own agenda. Be aware that what you publish could cause issues with the host nation.
• The role of technology:
  • Beyond basic computers, explore the potential of mobile journalism and social media. These tools can empower citizen journalists within the camps and facilitate wider distribution.
  • Address the digital divide within refugee communities. Not everyone has access to the internet or smartphones. Explore alternative methods of information dissemination, such as community radio or printed bulletins.
  • Consider the security implications of digital communication. Encrypted messaging and secure data storage are essential for protecting sources and journalists.
• Long-term sustainability:
  • Move beyond short-term funding strategies. Explore sustainable revenue models, such as community subscriptions, advertising (where permissible), and collaborations with international media organisations.
  • Develop a succession plan to ensure the organisation’s continuity. Invest in training future generations of refugee journalists.
  • Recognise that the refugee status may be long term, and that the media outlet should be built with that in mind.
• Ethical considerations in conflict zones:
  • Expand on editorial ethics, emphasising the importance of verifying information in a context of misinformation and propaganda.
  • Address the ethical dilemmas of reporting on sensitive issues, such as human rights abuses, internal conflicts, and the actions of armed groups.
  • Explain the importance of protecting sources, and the risks that are taken to gather news.
• Community engagement and empowerment:
  • Emphasise the role of the news organisation in fostering community dialogue and civic engagement.
  • Create platforms for audience participation, such as letters to the editor, opinion columns, and community forums.
  • Use the media to advocate for the rights and needs of the refugee community, while maintaining journalistic objectivity.
• Building bridges with the host community:
  • Explore opportunities for collaboration with local media outlets to promote cross-cultural understanding and combat xenophobia.
  • Use the news organisation to share stories of resilience and cultural richness, challenging negative stereotypes about refugees.
  • Explain the value that the refugee journalist brings to the host country. They have a unique perspective on the world.
• The importance of archiving:
  • Creating and maintaining an archive of the news organisation’s work is very important.
  • It is a record of the refugee communities history, and can be used for future research. You will be covering issues that have probably not been covered before including perspectives which are unique and valuable to future generations.
• Practical guidance on legal and financial matters:
  • Provide more specific guidance on navigating the legal complexities of operating a media organisation in a foreign country.
  • Offer templates for financial reports and grant proposals.
  • Provide a list of NGO’s that are known to help with funding of refugee media.
• Detailed training modules:
  • Develop comprehensive training modules on journalism skills, media ethics, and digital security.
  • Provide practical exercises and case studies to reinforce learning.
  • Create a glossary of media terms, in multiple languages if possible.
• Simplified distribution strategies:
  • Create easy to understand maps of the refugee camps, and show where distribution points should be placed.
  • Create a distribution schedule.

Lesson plan for trainers

If you are a trainer of journalists we have a free lesson plan: Refugee media which you are welcome to download and adapted for your own purposes.