Beyond basic fact-checking

Fact-checking is a complex, evidence-based process which goes beyond simple verification, demanding critical thinking and contextual analysis.

The aim is to combat misinformation and promote informed decision-making.

This site already has a piece about the basics of fact-checking and adding context, this article is a combination of two former articles on the site which looked at fact-checking in more depth.

Why fact-checking matters

We live in a time where trust in information is constantly tested. Misinformation (false but unintentional) and disinformation (deliberately misleading content) make it harder to make informed decisions. Fortunately, fact-checking tools are more accessible than ever, but they have limits. Not every claim can be verified. Opinions, predictions, and intent fall outside its scope. The challenge is that anyone can share information, blurring the line between credible news and baseless claims.

The fact-checker’s mindset

A fact-checker’s mindset means thinking critically about information by:

• Being skeptical and curious: Questioning claims instead of accepting them at face value.
• Understanding context: Looking at the source, audience, and possible motivations behind the information.
• Relying on evidence: Using credible sources and avoiding personal biases.
• Acting ethically: Being fair and transparent about how information is verified.
• Working together: Fact-checking is more effective when done collaboratively.

How fact-checking works

1. Choosing what to fact-check
   • Prioritise claims that could have real-world impact.
   • Pay attention to statements from public figures and viral content.
   • Distinguish between deliberate lies and honest mistakes.
2. Keeping records
   1. Save original sources to prevent claims from disappearing.
   2. Document the verification process for transparency.
3. Research & verification
   • Use keyword searches, reverse image searches, and expert opinions.
   • Check geolocation and video analysis tools for visual claims.
   • Rely on reputable sources such as established news organisations, universities, and government agencies.
   • Be aware of the complexities of video verification and proper interviewing techniques.
4. Analysing information
   • Assess the credibility of sources and strength of evidence.
   • Recognise how language can be used to mislead.
   • Accept that some claims have grey areas and can’t always be definitively fact-checked.
   • Understand the differences between misinformation, disinformation, and malinformation.
5. Publishing & sharing findings
   • Present findings in a clear and accessible way.
   • Provide context to help readers understand why the fact-check matters.
   • Be transparent about the process and sources used.
   • Follow clear correction policies.
   • Know the difference between pre-publication and post-publication fact-checking.

The challenges of fact-checking

• Speed of misinformation: False information spreads quickly, making it hard to keep up.
• Complexity of truth: Some claims require deep analysis and careful wording.
• Fact-checking misuse: It can be weaponised to silence opinions or push agendas.
• Mental health impact: Fact-checkers often face exposure to disturbing content.
• Digital security risks: Online harassment and cyber threats are real concerns.
• Bias awareness: Fact-checkers must recognise and counteract their own biases.

Ethical guidelines for fact-checkers

• Be transparent: Explain how fact-checks are conducted and what sources are used.
• Stay impartial: Avoid personal biases and strive for objectivity.
• Be accurate: Verify everything before publishing.
• Take responsibility: Admit and correct mistakes when needed.
• Prioritise safety: Protect personal security and mental well-being.

The future of fact-checking

Fact-checking is always evolving, adapting to new technologies and challenges. It requires teamwork from journalists, researchers, educators, and the audience. By strengthening media literacy and critical thinking, we can all play a role in ensuring society is better informed.

Questions

1. What is the primary aim of fact-checking?
2. How does the text define the process of fact-checking beyond simple verification?
3. Why is cultivating a “fact-checker’s mindset” important in today’s information landscape?
4. List three components of a “fact-checker’s mindset”.
5. Explain the significance of archiving and documentation in the fact-checking process.
6. What are some of the research methods used in fact-checking?
7. How does the text differentiate between misinformation, disinformation, and malinformation?
8. Discuss the challenges fact-checkers face in keeping up with the speed of disinformation.
9. What ethical considerations should fact-checkers keep in mind during their work?
10. How does the text suggest fact-checking can contribute to a more informed and resilient society?

Answers

1. The primary aim of fact-checking is to combat misinformation and promote informed decision-making.
2. Fact-checking is described as a rigorous process of evaluating claims against verifiable evidence, contextualising information, and understanding the motivations behind its dissemination.
3. Cultivating a “fact-checker’s mindset” is important because it helps individuals discern truth from falsehood in an era where trust is constantly challenged by misinformation and disinformation.
4. Three components of a “fact-checker’s mindset” are skepticism and curiosity, contextual analysis, and evidence-based reasoning.
5. Archiving and documentation are significant because they preserve the original source material and ensure transparency, allowing for the replication of the fact-checking process.
6. Some research methods used in fact-checking include keyword searches, reverse image searches, expert consultations, and the use of open-source tools for geolocation and video analysis.
7. Misinformation is false information spread without harmful intent, disinformation is false information spread with the intent to deceive, and malinformation is true information used maliciously.
8. Fact-checkers face challenges in keeping up with the speed of disinformation because false information spreads rapidly, often outpacing the ability to verify and correct it.
9. Ethical considerations for fact-checkers include transparency, impartiality, accuracy, accountability, and safety.
10. The text suggests that fact-checking can contribute to a more informed and resilient society by fostering media literacy and critical thinking skills, empowering individuals to become discerning consumers of information.

Lesson plan for trainers

If you are a trainer of journalists we have a free lesson plan: ‘Beyond basic fact-checking‘ which you are welcome to download and adapt for your own purposes.